The key ideas of the paragraph are that (a) manipulating information for attaining power, that is, disinformation, is not new; it was used even in ancient Rome by Octavian and (b) technology has made fabricating content and amplifying falsehoods easier. Option C states both key ideas and is the best of the given summaries. Option A is incorrect as it states that disinformation is 'mediated by' technology today. This is not what the paragraph states. Option B is unrelated to the main idea of the paragraph. Option D focuses on Octavian whereas the paragraph only gives his example to illustrate how information has been manipulated since ancient times. C is a better summary than D. Choice C is the correct answer.

he paragraph given states that colonialism is not a modern phenomenon but one that changed decisively in the sixteenth century due to technological developments in navigation, which enabled Europeans to establish settlements and exert political domination over the rest of the world. Option D is the best of the given summaries. Option A talks specifically about 'British' settlements, whereas the paragraph refers more generally to European settlements. Option B refers specifically to 'European colonialism' and does not touch upon the idea that colonialism as such is not a modern phenomenon or one restricted to Europe. Option C is incorrect as it states that colonialism was conceptualized in the 16th century. Choice D is the correct answer.

The main idea of the paragraph is that while heatwaves are becoming longer, frequent and intense due to climate change, even vulnerable people do not seem to perceive the risk of extreme heat and so news media should undertake to warn people about the potential danger. Option B sums up the paragraph best. Option A talks about ineffective public policies on heatwaves. This is not what the paragraph is about. Option C too, misses the key point about the role of news media and states 'measures' (which are not discussed in the paragraph at all) are ineffective. So, C is out. Option D does not touch upon the risk heatwaves pose. Also, the paragraph does not talk about the effectiveness of news stories. B is a better summary than D.<h5>The answer is 'Heatwaves pose an enormous risk; the media plays a pivotal role in alerting people to this danger.'</h5> Choice B is the correct answer.

The paragraph given lists the many reasons why the mind computes counterfactuals and states that this ability develops throughout childhood and contributes to reasoning about other people's beliefs. Option C is a good summary. Option A suggests people intentionally create counterfactuals in order to reason about other people's beliefs. The paragraph, on the other hand, states counterfactuals are created spontaneously by the mind. Option B is logically incorrect as it says counterfactual thinking helps to 'reverse' past and future actions. Option D relates to specific reasons listed in the paragraph. C is a better summary. <h5>The answer is 'Counterfactual alternatives to reality are created for a variety of reasons and is part of one's developmental process.'</h5> Choice C is the correct answer.

The paragraph given states that society's expectations, though not a new phenomenon, are multifarious and contradictory. Perfectionism of the 1950s involved seamless conforming to values, behaviour and appearance while perfectionism of today is about standing out. Option A is the best of the given summaries as it touches upon all key ideas. Option B is incorrect. The paragraph does not say that pressure to appear perfect has been the cause of 'tension and conflict'. Option C, which is about 'the desire to attract attention' being deep-rooted, is not related to the contents of the paragraph. Option D talks about the role of media. The paragraph does not mention this. <h4>The answer is 'Though long-standing, the pressure to appear perfect and thereby attract attention, has evolved over time from one of conformism to one of non-conformism.'</h4> Choice A is the correct answer.

Option B is the correct answer. The paragraph states that animals share many emotions with humans, such as joy, happiness, empathy, and grief, because of shared brain structures, particularly in the limbic system, which is responsible for emotions in both humans and animals. This is the key point that ties together animals' intelligence and emotional capacity, as discussed in the passage.Option A: The passage does not attribute emotions to sensory and motor abilities. The emphasis is on brain structures, not sensory abilities.Option C: While the passage states that animals share emotions with humans, this option fails to capture the reason behind this, i.e.&nbsp;shared brain structures. It misses the point that makes the emotional similarity possible, which is central to the passage's message.Option D: The passage discusses animals' sensory abilities but does not suggest that their intelligence is superior to humans'.&nbsp;

Option A is the correct answer. The passage emphasizes that cartographers now should pay attention to the usability of maps due to the evolving expectations of map readers. The key point is that technological developments have made users more demanding, leading cartographers to focus on how efficient, effective, and appreciated their maps are.Option B: While it is true that cartographers are focused on usability, the passage does not mention specific experiments or evaluation methods.Option C: This option suggests that maps are being used for a variety of reasons, which is not mentioned in the passage. The focus of the passage is on the demanding nature of modern map readers and not on the reasons for which maps are used.Option D: While new technological developments are mentioned, the passage does not state that cartographers are experimenting with these innovations in their maps.&nbsp;

Option C is the correct answer.&nbsp;This option captures the main idea of the passage that some codes, like language and visual signs, are so commonly used that they appear natural and conceal the process of how they were created.Option A: The passage does not suggest that early learning is why codes appear natural. The cause-and-effect relationship is incorrectly stated here.&nbsp;Option B: This option misinterprets two key aspects of the passage. First, the idea that certain codes are "made to appear universal" is somewhat misleading because the passage doesn't claim that codes are deliberately made universal; instead, it describes how codes, through habituation and widespread use, come to feel "natural". Second, the phrase "Ideology aims to hide the mechanism of coding" is not supported by the passage. The passage suggests that the naturalization of codes leads to the illusion of transparency and naturalness, which conceals the mechanisms of coding, but it doesn't explicitly discuss ideology as a force that intentionally hides these mechanismsOption D: This option is incorrect because the passage doesn’t claim that all codes have a natural origin. It states that codes become naturalized through use, not that they were naturally originating from the start.

The passage starts by explaining how states use the DIME model in warfare, often targeting information systems first to destabilize enemies. Governments monitor communication networks, raising privacy concerns. With social media's rise, many countries employ "cyber troops" to manipulate public opinion online, spreading disinformation through tactics like paid ads.&nbsp;Option D best captures all these points.&nbsp;Option&nbsp;A:&nbsp;This option incorrectly focuses on open data policies being used to deploy cyber troops, which the passage does not emphasize.Option B: This option fails to address the key part of the passage, which is monitoring telecom data and networks.Option C: The passage does not indicate that governments conduct warfare simultaneously with military forces; rather, they act before involving the military. We can infer this from the statement,&nbsp;"Most states do everything they can to inflict pain and confusion on their enemies before deploying the military."

Option D best captures the essence of the passage. John Cleese argues that comedians need freedom to be creative and that fear of offending people or worrying about the consequences of what they say hinders their ability to be original. He highlights how modern comedians often second-guess themselves, which stifles their creativity. Option&nbsp;D&nbsp;reflects this idea, which stresses the importance of freedom and creativity in comedy, while warning against the fear that stifles innovation. Option A:&nbsp;While Cleese advocates for freedom in comedy, he doesn't say that comedians "must go where no one has gone before," which is more of an extreme interpretation than the essence of the passage. Option&nbsp;B:&nbsp;This option focuses too much on the relationship between creativity and critical thinking. The passage is more about how fear of offending hinders creativity, not about creativity being incompatible with critical thinking. Option C:&nbsp;This focuses on the "death of the art form," but Cleese's main point is about how fear of repercussions impacts creativity, not about the art form dying as such.

Option A is the correct answer. Option A&nbsp;captures the core idea that their collaborations have led to valuable scientific discoveries despite differences in research methods between physicists and other scientists. The passage emphasizes how these contrasting approaches still lead to productive outcomes, demonstrating the benefits of cross-disciplinary work.Option B: While large data sets and mathematical models are mentioned, this option incorrectly focuses on "large data sets and mathematical models" as the main contributor, which is not the main point of the passage.Option C: This is partially true, but the passage does not emphasize the "desire to diversify" research or focus on social scientists. It is about the collaboration of different scientific fields, not specifically social science.Option D: This is inaccurate because the passage does not state that physicists have "buried" their differences; rather, it says that their differences exist, but the collaboration is still valuable. This is an extreme interpretation.

Option C is the correct answer.&nbsp;This option best captures the essence of the passage. The tradwife’s embrace of traditional roles and vintage fashion naturally contrasts with and highlights the superficiality of modern life. The passage emphasizes that she is not overtly critiquing society but rather embodying a regressive ideal that challenges contemporary norms. This fits with how the passage describes her actions—her existence itself is a challenge to modern societal expectations.Option&nbsp;A:The passage does not suggest that the tradwife is actively critiquing modern society. Instead, the tradwife embodies a lifestyle and set of ideals that are in contrast to contemporary values. The critique comes from others' reactions to her behavior, not from her intentions.&nbsp;Option B:&nbsp;The passage does not show her as actively trying to expose or mock anything. She simply lives in a way that contrasts with modern expectations. The "mockery" is a reaction from others, not her goal. Therefore, this option overstates her intentions. Option&nbsp;D:&nbsp;This focuses on the tradwife's dress and adherence to traditional roles as the means of revealing modern life’s artificial nature. While the tradwife does embody these traditional values, the passage is more focused on how her actions highlight societal superficiality rather than "revealing" it. Additionally, the passage suggests that her behaviour is not an overt revelation but rather something that others react to—making this option somewhat distorted.

The passage contrasts the personal, introspective nature of lyric poetry with Marxism's outward focus on societal change. At first glance, the characteristics of lyric poetry - being personal, small-scale, and idiosyncratic - seem incompatible with Marxism's demand for a transformative critique of an unjust society. However, the passage introduces a nuanced perspective within Marxist thought, which recognises lyric poetry as having an implicit critical and utopian function. Through its imaginative and alternative modes of perception, lyric poetry can challenge dominant ideologies and suggest a vision of resistance to oppression. Thus, while lyric poetry does not directly engage with large-scale social concerns, it can still align with Marxist ideals by offering subtle forms of critique and hope for change. Option C most effectively captures this idea.None of the other choices present a valid interpretation of the passage. For instance, Option A oversimplifies the issue by portraying lyric poetry as merely ‘utopian,” ignoring its critical and resistant potential as described in the passage. It misses the nuanced compatibility suggested between lyric poetry and Marxism. Option B inaccurately suggests that Marxism has “internal contradictions,” which is not the focus of the passage. Similarly, Option D frames Marxism as dismissive of lyric poetry, ignoring the strand of Marxist thought that finds value in poetry's alternative perspectives; this misrepresentation makes it a weaker summary.

The passage discusses the challenges of regulating innovations in biotechnology. It highlights two key issues: (i) current regulations are outdated and insufficient for new biological advancements, and (ii) the unpredictable nature of living entities and rapid technological changes make it difficult to design a regulatory framework that anticipates all risks and contingencies. The core question is whether regulation can ever keep pace with the unpredictable and unique outcomes of biotechnology. Option C correctly touches upon these ideas.The other options are either too narrow or miss the essence. Option A focuses on calibration and scientists' roles, which is not the central concern of the passage. Similarly, Option B highlights the urgency for new rules but omits the skepticism about achieving comprehensive regulation. Option D overemphasises the impossibility of imagining all risks without addressing the need for flexibility in regulations.Hence, Option C is the best choice.

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CAT Para Summary and Completion Questions

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<div><p>The passage given below is followed by four summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.</p></div>

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